:root {
  --background: #f7f7f2;
  --surface: #eeeee7;
  --text: #252e2a;
  --muted: #606963;
  --accent: #354c45;
  --border: #d6dbd2;
  --max-width: 1200px;
  --space-1: .5rem;
  --space-2: 1rem;
  --space-3: 1.5rem;
  --space-4: 2rem;
  --space-5: 3rem;
  --space-6: 5rem;
  --space-7: 7rem;
}
* { box-sizing: border-box; }
html { scroll-behavior: smooth; scroll-padding-top: calc(105px + 1rem); }
body { margin: 0; background: var(--background); color: var(--text); font: 17px/1.65 -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; }
a { color: inherit; text-underline-offset: 5px; }
button { font: inherit; }
a, button { -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; }
a:focus-visible, button:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--accent); outline-offset: 6px; }
::selection { background: #cfdbd0; }
h1,h2,h3,p { margin-top: 0; }
h1,h2,h3 { line-height: 1.13; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: -.045em; }
h1 { font-size: clamp(2.8rem, 5.7vw, 5rem); }
h2 { font-size: clamp(2rem, 3.2vw, 2.8rem); }
h3 { font-size: 1.8rem; }
p { color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 1.25rem; }
main, footer, .header-inner { width: min(var(--max-width), calc(100% - 96px)); margin-inline: auto; }
.site-header { position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 5; background: var(--accent); color: #fff; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent); }
.header-inner { min-height: 105px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 2rem; }
.brand { text-decoration: none; font-size: 21px; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: -.04em; line-height: 1.3; white-space: nowrap; }
nav { display: flex; gap: 2.4rem; align-items: center; font-size: 13px; }
nav a { text-decoration: none; }
nav a:hover, nav a[aria-current="page"] { text-decoration: underline; }
.nav-placeholder { color: var(--muted); }
.menu-toggle { display: none; }
.skip-link { position: fixed; top: -100px; left: 20px; z-index: 10; padding: 12px 20px; background: var(--text); color: white; }
.skip-link:focus { top: 15px; }
.home-hero { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1.08fr 1fr; align-items: center; gap: 5%; padding: 82px 0 66px; }
.eyebrow { color: var(--muted); font: 10px/1.6 ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Consolas, monospace; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.dot { display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 6px; background: var(--accent); border-radius: 50%; margin-right: 8px; vertical-align: 1px; }
.hero-copy h1 { margin: 24px 0; letter-spacing: -.065em; font-size: clamp(2.7rem, 4.65vw, 4.2rem); }
.accent { color: var(--accent); }
.hero-lead { color: var(--text); font-size: clamp(1.2rem, 1.65vw, 1.45rem); line-height: 1.45; max-width: 520px; }
.hero-secondary { font-size: 15px; max-width: 470px; }
.actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; margin-top: 30px; }
.button { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 32px; padding: 12px 19px; border: 1px solid var(--border); font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none; transition: background .15s; }
.button:hover { background: #e5e8df; }
.button.primary { background: var(--accent); border-color: var(--accent); color: #fff; }
.button.primary:hover { background: #243b34; }
.placeholder-image { aspect-ratio: 4/3; background-color: #e8ece4; background-image: linear-gradient(#52655009 1px, transparent 1px), linear-gradient(90deg,#52655009 1px,transparent 1px); background-size: 32px 32px; position: relative; border: 1px solid #dce1d7; display: grid; place-items: center; min-width: 0; overflow: hidden; }
.hero-image { aspect-ratio: 1.1; background-color: #e5e9df; }
.media-number, .media-corner { position: absolute; font: 10px ui-monospace, Consolas, monospace; color: #627062; }
.media-number { top: 20px; left: 20px; letter-spacing: .13em; }
.media-corner { bottom: 16px; right: 20px; font-size: 20px; }
.media-center { text-align: center; display: flex; align-items: center; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px; font-size: 13px; color: #596556; }
.media-center small { font: 8px/1.6 ui-monospace, Consolas, monospace; letter-spacing: .13em; margin-top: 10px; }
.crosshair { display: grid; place-items: center; font: 30px/1 ui-monospace, Consolas, monospace; font-weight: 200; width: 80px; height: 80px; margin-bottom: 22px; border: 1px solid #a8b6a6; border-radius: 50%; color: #859580; }
.image-caption { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; gap: 15px; font: 8px/1.5 ui-monospace, Consolas, monospace; letter-spacing: .08em; color: var(--muted); padding-top: 12px; }
.discipline-strip { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 15px; border-block: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 20px 0; text-transform: uppercase; font: 10px/1.6 ui-monospace, Consolas, monospace; letter-spacing: .1em; color: var(--muted); }
.selected-projects { padding-top: var(--space-6); }
.section-heading { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: end; gap: 20px; margin-bottom: 40px; }
.section-heading h2 { margin-bottom: 0; }
.section-heading .eyebrow { margin-bottom: 12px; }
.section-note { font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); padding-bottom: 4px; }
.project-row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1.15fr 1fr; gap: 7%; align-items: center; padding-block: 40px; border-top: 1px solid var(--border); }
.project-media { display: block; text-decoration: none; }
.project-media:hover .placeholder-image { background-color: #e0e6da; }
.project-kicker { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; align-items: center; font: 9px/1.6 ui-monospace, Consolas, monospace; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .06em; margin-bottom: 24px; color: var(--muted); }
.status { border: 1px solid #c8d2c2; padding: 3px 7px; color: var(--accent); }
.project-copy h3 { font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 3vw, 2.5rem); margin-bottom: 20px; }
.project-copy h3 a { text-decoration: none; }
.project-copy h3 a:hover { text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; }
.project-copy p { font-size: 15px; }
.tags { list-style: none; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 7px; margin: 23px 0 28px; }
.tags li { font-size: 9px; padding: 4px 8px; border: 1px solid var(--border); color: var(--muted); }
.text-link { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500; text-decoration: none; padding-bottom: 6px; border-bottom: 1px solid #a4afa3; display: inline-flex; gap: 28px; }
.text-link:hover { border-color: var(--text); }
.more-projects { padding-block: 55px 80px; }
.more-projects h2 { font-size: 2rem; }
.more-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 24px; }
.small-project { border: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 32px; text-decoration: none; transition: background .15s; }
.small-project:hover { background: var(--surface); }
.small-project h3 { font-size: 1.6rem; margin: 24px 0 16px; }
.small-project p { font-size: 14px; }
.about-teaser { padding: 60px; background: #e9ece3; margin-bottom: 85px; }
.about-teaser p:not(.eyebrow) { max-width: 580px; font-size: 16px; }
footer { border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding-top: 45px; }
.footer-top { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; gap: 30px; padding-bottom: 45px; }
.footer-name { font-size: 25px; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: -.05em; text-decoration: none; }
.footer-top p { font-size: 12px; margin-top: 3px; }
.footer-contact { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 5px; font-size: 11px; color: var(--muted); min-width: 210px; }
.footer-contact .eyebrow { margin-bottom: 6px; }
.footer-bottom { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 14px; padding: 20px 0 25px; border-top: 1px solid var(--border); font-size: 10px; color: var(--muted); }
.footer-bottom a { text-decoration: none; }
.page-hero { padding-top: 60px; }
.back-link { display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none; margin-bottom: 45px; color: var(--muted); }
.page-hero h1 { max-width: 1000px; margin: 20px 0 26px; }
.page-lead { font-size: 21px; max-width: 750px; line-height: 1.6; }
.project-meta { display: grid; grid-template-columns: .7fr 1fr 1fr 1.3fr; gap: 30px; border-block: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 25px 0; margin: 40px 0; }
dt { font: 10px/1.6 ui-monospace, Consolas, monospace; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .1em; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 10px; }
dd { margin: 0; font-size: 13px; }
.case-hero-image { aspect-ratio: 2.25; }
.overview-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 10%; padding-block: 80px; }
.overview-grid h2 { font-size: 2rem; }
.role-list { padding-left: 20px; color: var(--muted); }
.role-list li { padding-left: 6px; margin-bottom: 12px; }
.engineering-process { border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding-top: 65px; }
.process-row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 8%; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 65px; }
.process-row:nth-child(odd)>div:first-child { order: 2; }
.process-row h3 { font-size: 2rem; }
.process-row p { font-size: 16px; }
.technical { background: var(--surface); padding: 40px; }
.highlight-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3,1fr); gap: 35px; }
.highlight-grid span { color: var(--muted); font-size: 12px; }
.highlight-grid h3 { font-size: 1.4rem; margin: 12px 0 0; }
.editor-note { padding-left: 16px; border-left: 2px solid var(--border); font-size: 13px; }
.project-pagination { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 30px; border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 35px 0 65px; }
.project-pagination a { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: start; gap: 12px; }
.project-pagination a:last-child { align-items: end; text-align: right; }
.project-pagination span { color: var(--muted); font-size: 11px; }
.project-pagination strong { font-size: 18px; font-weight: 500; }
.software-project .placeholder-image { background-color: #e5e9ec; background-size: 24px 24px; }
.narrow-hero { padding-block: 80px 55px; }
.narrow-hero h1 { font-size: clamp(2.6rem, 5vw, 4.2rem); }
.about-layout { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1.3fr 1fr; gap: 10%; padding: 30px 0 80px; }
.interest-panel { padding: 32px; border: 1px solid var(--border); align-self: start; }
.publication { padding-block: 60px; border-top: 1px solid var(--border); }
.publication article { margin-top: 35px; max-width: 850px; border-left: 2px solid var(--accent); padding: 8px 0 8px 30px; }
.publication article h3 { margin-top: 15px; font-size: 1.6rem; line-height: 1.35; }
.publication article p { font-size: 15px; }
.contact-section { padding: 45px 0 80px; }
.contact-placeholders { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 25px; font-size: 13px; color: var(--muted); }
.education { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 3fr; gap: 30px; border-block: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 40px 0; }
.education h2 { font-size: 2rem; }
.education p { margin-bottom: 6px; }
.education-facts { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 30px; font-size: 13px; margin-top: 22px; }
.muted { color: var(--muted); font-size: 14px; }
.resume-preview { padding: 55px 0 70px; }
.resume-preview object { display: block; width: 100%; height: 850px; border: 1px solid var(--border); background: var(--surface); margin-bottom: 20px; }
@media (min-width: 1600px) { .home-hero { padding-block: 100px 80px; } }
@media (max-width: 1000px) {
  main,footer,.header-inner { width: calc(100% - 64px); }
  .home-hero { gap: 30px; }
  .hero-copy h1 { font-size: 3rem; }
  .project-row { gap: 5%; }
  .project-kicker { margin-bottom: 15px; }
  .project-meta { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
  .section-note { max-width: 180px; }
}
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  main,footer,.header-inner { width: calc(100% - 40px); }
  .header-inner { min-height: 86px; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0; padding-block: 18px; }
  .brand { font-size: clamp(14px, 4.4vw, 19px); }
  html { scroll-padding-top: calc(86px + 1rem); }
  .menu-toggle:not([hidden]) { display: flex; gap: 20px; background: none; border: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 7px 12px; font-size: 12px; }
  #navigation { flex-basis: 100%; gap: 22px; padding-top: 22px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
  .js #navigation { display: none; }
  .js #navigation.is-open { display: flex; }
  .home-hero { grid-template-columns: 1fr; padding: 45px 0 35px; gap: 38px; }
  .hero-copy h1 { font-size: clamp(2.5rem, 9vw, 3.8rem); }
  .hero-lead { font-size: 21px; }
  .hero-image { aspect-ratio: 1.35; }
  .discipline-strip { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; font-size: 8px; gap: 16px; }
  .selected-projects { padding-top: 50px; }
  .section-heading { align-items: start; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 26px; }
  .section-note { max-width: none; }
  .project-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 25px; padding-block: 28px 40px; }
  .project-copy h3 { font-size: 2rem; }
  .tags { margin: 18px 0 22px; }
  .more-projects { padding: 30px 0 50px; }
  .more-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 16px; }
  .small-project { padding: 26px; }
  .about-teaser { padding: 30px 24px; margin-bottom: 50px; }
  .footer-top { flex-direction: column; }
  .footer-bottom { font-size: 9px; }
  .footer-bottom>span:nth-child(2) { display: none; }
  .page-hero { padding-top: 35px; }
  .back-link { margin-bottom: 30px; }
  .page-hero h1 { font-size: clamp(2.3rem, 9vw, 3.5rem); overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
  .page-lead { font-size: 18px; }
  .project-meta { gap: 22px; margin-block: 28px; }
  .case-hero-image { aspect-ratio: 1.35; }
  .overview-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 35px; padding-block: 45px; }
  .engineering-process { padding-top: 40px; }
  .process-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 15px; margin-bottom: 40px; }
  .process-row:nth-child(odd)>div:first-child { order: 0; }
  .technical { padding: 28px; }
  .highlight-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 25px; }
  .highlight-grid>div+div { border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding-top: 18px; }
  .project-pagination { gap: 20px; padding-bottom: 45px; }
  .project-pagination strong { font-size: 15px; }
  .narrow-hero { padding-block: 45px 30px; }
  .about-layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 25px; padding-bottom: 45px; }
  .publication { padding-block: 40px; }
  .publication article { padding-left: 20px; }
  .education { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 12px; }
  .resume-preview object { height: 520px; }
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { html { scroll-behavior: auto; } *, *::before, *::after { transition: none !important; } }

/* Crop guides show recommended source dimensions, not responsive display size. */
.placeholder-image::after {
  content: "CROP 4:3 / 1200 × 900 px";
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 16px;
  left: 16px;
  max-width: calc(100% - 64px);
  padding: 4px 6px;
  background: var(--background);
  color: var(--muted);
  font: 9px/1.5 ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Consolas, monospace;
  letter-spacing: .025em;
  pointer-events: none;
}
.hero-image::after { content: "CROP 11:10 / 1320 × 1200 px"; }
.case-hero-image::after { content: "CROP 9:4 / 1800 × 800 px"; }
.footer-contact a { text-decoration: none; }
.footer-contact a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .hero-image::after, .case-hero-image::after { content: "CROP 27:20 / 1350 × 1000 px"; }
}

/* Ornithopter case study: supplied CAD media and design-development details. */
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-figure { margin: 0; min-width: 0; }
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-figure img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; border: 1px solid var(--border); background: var(--surface); }
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-figure figcaption { margin-top: 12px; color: var(--muted); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6; }
.ornithopter-study .process-row > div { min-width: 0; }
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-callout { border-left: 2px solid var(--border); padding-left: 18px; margin-top: 24px; }
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-callout .eyebrow { margin-bottom: 8px; }
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-callout ul { padding-left: 18px; margin: 0; color: var(--muted); font-size: 13px; }
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-evolution { border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 50px 0 60px; }
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-evolution > h2 { max-width: 800px; }
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-evolution-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 24px; margin-top: 30px; }
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-evolution-grid article { border-top: 2px solid var(--border); padding-top: 20px; }
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-evolution-grid article:last-child { border-color: var(--accent); }
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-evolution-grid h3 { font-size: 1.4rem; }
.ornithopter-study .ornithopter-evolution-grid p:not(.eyebrow) { font-size: 14px; }
.ornithopter-study .technical .muted { margin: 8px 0 0; font-size: 12px; }
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .ornithopter-study .ornithopter-evolution-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 16px; }
  .ornithopter-study .ornithopter-evolution { padding-block: 35px; }
}

/* Homepage supplied media within the existing technical frames. */
.home-media img { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; min-height: 0; object-fit: contain; }
.home-media.hero-image img { object-fit: cover; object-position: center 40%; }
.home-media .media-corner { background: var(--background); padding: 4px 6px; }

/* CITRIS: full-frame technical figures, operational details and modeled results. */
.citris-study .citris-figure { margin: 0; min-width: 0; }
.citris-study .citris-figure img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; border: 1px solid var(--border); background: white; }
.citris-study .citris-figure figcaption { margin-top: 12px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6; color: var(--muted); }
.citris-study .citris-figure figcaption .eyebrow { margin-right: 10px; }
.citris-study .citris-figure figcaption a { white-space: nowrap; }
.citris-study .citris-figure button { margin-top: 12px; cursor: pointer; }
.citris-study button[hidden] { display: none; }
.citris-study .actions { align-items: center; gap: 24px; }
.citris-study .citris-section { border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding-block: 55px; }
.citris-study .citris-intro { max-width: 850px; }
.citris-study .citris-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr)); gap: 30px; }
.citris-study .citris-two { grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr)); }
.citris-study .citris-grid h3 { font-size: 1.5rem; }
.citris-study .citris-grid h4 { margin: 0 0 12px; font-weight: 500; }
.citris-study .citris-grid p { font-size: 15px; }
.citris-study .process-row > div { min-width: 0; }
.citris-study .citris-stages { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr)); gap: 24px; margin-bottom: 55px; }
.citris-study .citris-stages a { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding-top: 18px; text-decoration: none; }
.citris-study .citris-stages a:hover strong { text-decoration: underline; }
.citris-study .citris-stages strong { font-weight: 500; }
.citris-study .citris-stages span:last-child { font-size: 13px; color: var(--muted); }
.citris-study .citris-flow { padding: 0; list-style: none; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr)); margin: 30px 0 40px; border-block: 1px solid var(--border); }
.citris-study .citris-flow li { padding: 20px 12px; font-size: 13px; }
.citris-study .citris-flow li:not(:last-child)::after { content: " \2192"; margin-left: 10px; color: var(--muted); }
.citris-study .citris-scope { border-left: 2px solid var(--accent); padding: 15px 20px; background: var(--surface); font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 30px; }
.citris-study .citris-phases { margin-top: 35px; }
.citris-study .citris-details details { border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding-block: 18px; }
.citris-study summary { cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; }
.citris-study summary:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--accent); outline-offset: 5px; }
.citris-study details .citris-figure { margin-top: 20px; }
.citris-study .citris-metrics { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr)); gap: 20px; margin: 30px 0; }
.citris-study .citris-metrics > div { border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding-top: 20px; }
.citris-study .citris-metrics dd { font-size: clamp(1.8rem,3vw,2.7rem); letter-spacing: -.04em; }
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .citris-study .citris-grid, .citris-study .citris-stages { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .citris-study .citris-section { padding-block: 35px; }
  .citris-study .citris-flow, .citris-study .citris-metrics { grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr)); }
  .citris-study .citris-stages { gap: 18px; margin-bottom: 35px; }
}

/* Robot controls case study: supplied hardware, uncropped models and test video. */
.pid-study .pid-figure { margin: 0; min-width: 0; }
.pid-study .pid-figure img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; border: 1px solid var(--border); background: white; }
.pid-study .pid-figure figcaption { margin-top: 12px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6; color: var(--muted); }
.pid-study .pid-figure figcaption .eyebrow { margin-right: 10px; }
.pid-study .pid-figure figcaption a { white-space: nowrap; }
.pid-study .pid-video video { display: block; width: 100%; max-height: 650px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 16 / 9; object-fit: contain; background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); }
.pid-study .pid-intro { max-width: 850px; }
.pid-study .pid-hero-note { margin-top: 28px; }
.pid-study .actions { align-items: center; gap: 24px; }
.pid-study .pid-section { border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding-block: 50px; }
.pid-study .pid-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr)); gap: 30px; }
.pid-study .pid-grid h3 { font-size: 1.5rem; }
.pid-study .pid-grid p { font-size: 15px; }
.pid-study .pid-signal { border-block: 1px solid var(--border); padding-block: 18px; margin: 24px 0; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.8; }
.pid-study .pid-path { border-left: 2px solid var(--border); padding-left: 18px; }
.pid-study .pid-path p:not(.eyebrow) { font-size: 13px; }
.pid-study .process-row > div { min-width: 0; }
.pid-study .pid-execution { padding-top: 30px; }
.robot-card > img { display: block; width: 100%; height: 180px; object-fit: contain; border: 1px solid var(--border); margin-bottom: 24px; background: var(--surface); }
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .pid-study .pid-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 20px; }
  .pid-study .pid-section { padding-block: 35px; }
}

/* Mercury case study: concept architecture and documented subsystem prototypes. */
.hg-study .hg-figure { margin: 0; min-width: 0; }
.hg-study .hg-figure img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; border: 1px solid var(--border); background: white; }
.hg-study .hg-hero { max-width: 960px; margin-inline: auto; }
.hg-study .hg-figure figcaption { margin-top: 12px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6; color: var(--muted); }
.hg-study .hg-figure figcaption .eyebrow { margin-right: 10px; }
.hg-study .hg-figure figcaption a { white-space: nowrap; }
.hg-study .hg-intro { max-width: 850px; }
.hg-study .hg-hero-note { margin-top: 28px; }
.hg-study .hg-scope { border-left: 2px solid var(--accent); padding-left: 18px; font-size: 14px; }
.hg-study .hg-section { border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding-block: 45px; }
.hg-study .hg-chain { border-top: 0; padding-top: 0; }
.hg-study .hg-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr)); gap: 30px; }
.hg-study .hg-grid h4 { font-weight: 500; margin-bottom: 12px; }
.hg-study .hg-grid p { font-size: 15px; }
.hg-study .hg-circuits { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr)); gap: 35px; margin-top: 30px; }
.hg-study .hg-circuits h3 { font-size: 1.6rem; }
.hg-study .hg-circuits p { font-size: 15px; }
.hg-study .process-row > div { min-width: 0; }
.hg-study .hg-breadboard { padding-top: 25px; }
.hg-card > img { display: block; width: 100%; height: 180px; object-fit: contain; border: 1px solid var(--border); margin-bottom: 24px; background: var(--surface); }
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .hg-study .hg-grid, .hg-study .hg-circuits { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 25px; }
  .hg-study .hg-section { padding-block: 35px; }
}

/* Signal fitting: plot-only inline view with compact parameter definitions. */
.hg-study .hg-modeling { border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding-top: 45px; }
.hg-study .hg-plot-window { display: block; aspect-ratio: 1306 / 650; overflow: hidden; }
.hg-study .hg-plot-window img { width: 100%; height: auto; }
.hg-study .hg-model-parameters { border-left: 2px solid var(--border); padding-left: 16px; margin: 24px 0 0; }
.hg-study .hg-model-parameters > div { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 22px 1fr; gap: 12px; margin-block: 6px; }
.hg-study .hg-model-parameters dt { margin: 0; font: inherit; text-transform: none; }
.hg-study .hg-model-parameters dd { font-size: 13px; align-self: center; color: var(--muted); }
.hg-study .hg-status { margin-top: 45px; }

/* Populated homepage images no longer need crop/export annotations. */
.home-media::after { content: none; }

/* Gas-sensing research: physical platforms with clear collaboration scope. */
.gas-study .gas-figure { margin: 0; min-width: 0; }
.gas-study .gas-figure img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; border: 1px solid var(--border); }
.gas-study .gas-hero { max-width: 1000px; margin-inline: auto; }
.gas-study .gas-figure figcaption { margin-top: 12px; color: var(--muted); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6; }
.gas-study .gas-figure figcaption .eyebrow { margin-right: 10px; }
.gas-study .gas-figure figcaption a { white-space: nowrap; }
.gas-study .gas-intro { max-width: 850px; }
.gas-study .gas-hero-note { margin-top: 28px; }
.gas-study .actions { align-items: center; gap: 24px; }
.gas-study .gas-section { border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding-block: 45px; }
.gas-study .gas-design { padding-top: 0; border-top: 0; }
.gas-study .gas-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr)); gap: 30px; }
.gas-study .gas-two { grid-template-columns: repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr)); }
.gas-study .gas-grid h4 { font-weight: 500; margin-bottom: 12px; }
.gas-study .gas-grid p { font-size: 15px; }
.gas-study .process-row > div { min-width: 0; }
.gas-study .gas-publication { margin-top: 45px; }
.gas-study .gas-publication article { border-left: 2px solid var(--accent); padding-left: 24px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 900px; }
.gas-study .gas-publication article h3 { font-size: 1.6rem; line-height: 1.35; }
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .gas-study .gas-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 20px; }
  .gas-study .gas-section { padding-block: 35px; }
}

/* A restrained personal detail within the existing About layout. */
.about-personal { align-items: center; border-top: 1px solid var(--border); padding-block: 60px; }
.about-personal figure { margin: 0; width: 100%; max-width: 360px; justify-self: end; }
.about-personal img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; border: 1px solid var(--border); }
.about-personal figcaption { margin-top: 10px; color: var(--muted); font-size: 12px; }
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .about-personal { padding-block: 40px; }
  .about-personal figure { max-width: 340px; justify-self: center; }
}

/* High-contrast navigation on the accent-green persistent header. */
.site-header .menu-toggle { color: inherit; border-color: #ffffff80; }
.site-header a:focus-visible, .site-header button:focus-visible { outline-color: #fff; }

/* Quieter navigation while reading; retain the dark accent at the page top. */
.site-header.is-scrolled { background: #e9ece3; color: var(--text); border-bottom-color: var(--border); }
.site-header.is-scrolled .menu-toggle { border-color: var(--muted); }
.site-header.is-scrolled a:focus-visible, .site-header.is-scrolled button:focus-visible { outline-color: var(--accent); }

/* Keep technical captions readable on narrow screens. */
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .case-study[class] figure figcaption, .about-personal figcaption { font-size: 13px; }
  .case-study[class] figure figcaption .eyebrow { font-size: 12px; }
}